In S235J2W weathering steel, the addition of copper (Cu) primarily facilitates the formation of a protective oxide film when exposed to natural environments such as air. The specific mechanism is as follows:

1. Adsorption Stage

When S235J2W weathering steel is exposed to air, the copper-rich surface actively adsorbs oxygen molecules (O₂) and water vapor (H₂O), forming a thin adsorption layer. This layer serves as a foundation for subsequent electrochemical reactions.

2. Oxidation Reaction

In humid conditions, a galvanic cell effect occurs at the steel surface:

 

Copper Oxidation: Copper atoms lose electrons and oxidize to form copper ions (Cu²⁺):\(\text{Cu} \rightarrow \text{Cu}^{2+} + 2\text{e}^-\)

Oxygen Reduction: Oxygen in the presence of water is reduced to form hydroxide ions (OH⁻):\(\text{O}_2 + 2\text{H}_2\text{O} + 4\text{e}^- \rightarrow 4\text{OH}^-\)

Precipitation of Copper Hydroxide: Copper ions react with hydroxide ions to generate copper hydroxide (Cu(OH)₂):\(\text{Cu}^{2+} + 2\text{OH}^- \rightarrow \text{Cu(OH)}_2\) Over time, Cu(OH)₂ further oxidizes to form copper oxide (CuO) and hydrated oxides (e.g., Cu(OH)₂·nH₂O or CuO·H₂O).

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