Segregation Phenomenon of Phosphorus

 

During the welding process, the heat - affected zone (HAZ) of carbon steel undergoes a complex thermal cycle. As the temperature rises, the diffusion rate of atoms accelerates, and the positions of phosphorus atoms in the crystal lattice become relatively active. As the cooling process after welding begins, the temperature of the heat - affected zone drops rapidly.

 

Since the diffusion activation energy of phosphorus atoms at defect locations such as grain boundaries is relatively low, during the cooling process, phosphorus atoms are more likely to diffuse and accumulate at the grain boundaries. This phenomenon is called segregation. It's as if, in a rapidly changing environment, phosphorus atoms "choose" the grain boundaries, which are relatively more accessible "shelters", to gather.

 

Reduction of Grain - Boundary Bonding Strength

 

After phosphorus atoms accumulate at the grain boundaries, they will affect the structure of the grain boundaries. The grain boundaries originally maintain their bonding strength through the interaction of atoms between adjacent grains. However, the presence of phosphorus atoms will change this inter - atomic interaction.

 

The chemical bonding mode between phosphorus atoms and iron atoms, etc. at the grain boundaries is different from the atomic bonding of the grain boundaries themselves. Phosphorus atoms will interfere with the normal binding order among atoms at the grain boundaries, weakening the inter - atomic forces at the grain boundaries. It can be imagined that some inappropriate "wedges" (phosphorus atoms) are inserted into a tightly - connected chain (grain boundaries), thus destroying the tightness of the chain and reducing the grain - boundary bonding strength.

 

Increase in Brittleness and Crack Generation

 

The reduction of the grain - boundary bonding strength will lead to an increase in the brittleness of the materials in the heat - affected zone. Under normal circumstances, the grain boundaries can coordinate the deformation between adjacent grains. When the material is subjected to an external force, the grain boundaries can distribute the deformation evenly among the grains, thus avoiding local stress concentration.

 

However, after the grain - boundary bonding strength is reduced due to phosphorus segregation, the ability of the grain boundaries to coordinate deformation is weakened. During the cooling process after welding, the heat - affected zone will deform due to thermal stress. At this time, since the grain boundaries cannot effectively coordinate the deformation, the stress will concentrate in local areas. When the degree of stress concentration exceeds the material's bearing limit, cracks will be generated at the grain boundaries, making the materials in the heat - affected zone exhibit obvious brittleness.

 

 

 

 

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